An abstract is a sufficient source of information about the paper. An abstract must be:

• compact (100-250 words)
• structured
• original
• informative.

Abstract outline:

- State of the problem: problem(s) posed, previous studies, author’s proposals.

- Materials and methods: the way to implement author’s proposals, its novelty.

- Results: solution offered and its justification.

- Conclusion: areas of application  of author’s solutions and further research.